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Release Measurement Studies

Summary: Part B

Carbon Nanotubes

Release Method Measurement Methods Release Characterization Statistics References
band saw, or rotary cutting wheel xxx, SEM & TEM dry cutting: 71-89% (1-10mm), 6-25% (0.1-1mm) & 1-10% (<100nm): no identifiable CNT fibers or bundles Bello et al. (2009) 
band saw, or rotary cutting wheel xxx, SEM & TEM dry cutting: 71-89% (1-10mm), 6-25% (0.1-1mm) & 1-10% (<100nm): no identifiable CNT fibers or bundles Bello et al. (2009)  
Reference Links
Additional study details are available in Summary: Part A.

Graphite Sheet

Release Method Measurement Methods Release Characterization Statistics References
unspecified "fire like" heat flux TEM no release reported: conformational change reported -  delaminated to intercalated structure Nyden and Gilman (1998)  
Reference Links
Additional study details are available in Summary: Part A.

Carbon Nanofibers

Release Method Measurement Methods Release Characterization Statistics References
flame temperature in excess of 1200C unspecified no release in smoke: nanoparticle release from char at 6,000mm2/cm3 - 14,000mm2/cm3 Nyden and Uddin (n.d.) 
Reference Links
  • Nyden and Uddin (n.d.) Presentation.
Additional study details are available in Summary: Part A.

Carbon Black

Release Method Measurement Methods Release Characterization Statistics References
Hand held orbital sander (Metabo model FSR 200): grit size 240 paper aerosol particle sizer (APS; model 3321), Fast Mobility Particle Sizer (FMPS: model 3091) no individual particles were observed, 5 modes of particles were emitted: <50nm particles were mostly form the sander motor, ~200nm were sander emitted and paint dust, >1mm dust particles from paints regardless of carbon black 3-5 modal fitted  log-normal distributions were fitted to measured emissions Koponen et al. (2009)
Reference Links
Additional study details are available in Summary: Part A.

Titania

Release Method Measurement Methods Release Characterization Statistics References
Hand held orbital sander (Metabo model FSR 200): grit size 240 paper aerosol particle sizer (APS; model 3321), Fast Mobility Particle Sizer (FMPS: model 3091) no individual particles were observed, 5 modes of particles were emitted: <50nm particles were mostly form the sander motor, ~200nm were sander emitted and paint dust, >1mm dust particles from paints regardless of nano-titania 3-5 modal fitted  log-normal distributions were fitted to measured emissions Koponen et al. (2009)
(2x) two hour exposures to: fluorescent lamp or 5 UV lamps (l=365nm & P=50mW), s, fan (75m/min) & rubber knife (1min every 10min) scanning mobility particle scanner (SMPS) Most particle emission was <200nm, the highest concentration 50-150nm, under all conditions; UV light caused considerably more release then fluorescent lamps; release from tile continued to increase over the 2 hr testing Hsu and Chein (2007) 
(2x) two hour exposures to: fluorescent lamp or 5 UV lamps (l=365nm & P=50mW), s, fan (75m/min) & rubber knife (1min every 10min) scanning mobility particle scanner (SMPS) Most particle emission was <200nm, the highest concentration 50-150nm, under all conditions; UV light caused considerably more release then fluorescent lamps; release from tile continued to increase over the 2 hr testing Hsu and Chein (2007)  
(2x) two hour exposures to: fluorescent lamp or 5 UV lamps (l=365nm & P=50mW), s, fan (75m/min) & rubber knife (1min every 10min) scanning mobility particle scanner (SMPS) Most particle emission was <200nm, the highest concentration 50-150nm, under all conditions; UV light caused considerably more release then fluorescent lamps; release from tile continued to increase over the 2 hr testing Hsu and Chein (2007)  
Natural rain in urban environment, collected as runoff & urban discharge SEM, TEM (CM30, source LaB6, FEI) with EDX, environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM), high-resolution scanning electron microscope (HR-SEM), Inductive coupled plasma optical transmission (ICP-OES) & mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) release of isolated, agglomerate and embedded in carrier matrix synthetic TiO2 particles (85-90% in 20-300nm range) detected from new and aged model facades, and in urban runoff; greater release from new compared to aged facades Kaegi et al. (2008) 
Reference Links
Additional study details are available in Summary: Part A.

Zinc Oxide

Release Method Measurement Methods Release Characterization Statistics References
Taber Abraser: 2.5N, CS-17 rolls, 3 cycles of 100 rotations scanning mobility particle scanner (SMPS; model 3934), condensation particle counter (CPC model 3022) & TEM detectable, but insignificant release from all carrier systems, no correlation between nanomaterial doping and <650nm or <100nm release: n-ZnO found embedded within released wear particles three tests run to ensure a detection probability of 95% according to the Poisson-statistic Vorbau et al. (2009) 
Taber Abraser: 2.5N, CS-17 rolls, 3 cycles of 100 rotations scanning mobility particle scanner (SMPS; model 3934), condensation particle counter (CPC model 3022) & TEM detectable, but insignificant release from all carrier systems, no correlation between nanomaterial doping and <650nm or <100nm release: n-ZnO found embedded within released wear particles three tests run to ensure a detection probability of 95% according to the Poisson-statistic Vorbau et al. (2009) 
Taber Abraser: 2.5N, CS-17 rolls, 3 cycles of 100 rotations scanning mobility particle scanner (SMPS; model 3934), condensation particle counter (CPC model 3022) & TEM detectable, but insignificant release from all carrier systems, no correlation between nanomaterial doping and <650nm or <100nm release: n-ZnO found embedded within released wear particles three tests run to ensure a detection probability of 95% according to the Poisson-statistic Vorbau et al. (2009)  
Taber Abraser: 2.5N, CS-17 rolls, 3 cycles of 100 rotations scanning mobility particle scanner (SMPS; model 3934), condensation particle counter (CPC model 3022) & TEM detectable, but insignificant release from all carrier systems, no correlation between nanomaterial doping and <650nm or <100nm release: n-ZnO found embedded within released wear particles three tests run to ensure a detection probability of 95% according to the Poisson-statistic Vorbau et al. (2009) 
Dremel (Model series 400) contact force 0.2-1N; contact pressure 0.0004 - 50,000Pa; speed 1.8-2.4m/s-1 Fast Mobility Particle Sizer (FMPS: model 3091), Laser aerosol particle size spectrometer (LAP; model 321), condensation particle counter (CPC model 3022), APS, TEM & SEM All samples released particles <100nm, and release was uncorrelated with doping of nanoparticles. Paint with n-ZnO doped paint released 10nm and 100nm. Under SEM, no free n-ZnO particles were identified, all were found embedded in the paint wear particles. Göhler et al. (2010) 
Dremel (Model series 400) contact force 0.2-1N; contact pressure 0.0004 - 50,000Pa; speed 1.8-2.4m/s-1 Fast Mobility Particle Sizer (FMPS: model 3091), Laser aerosol particle size spectrometer (LAP; model 321), condensation particle counter (CPC model 3022), APS, TEM & SEM All samples released particles <100nm, and release was uncorrelated with doping of nanoparticles. Paint with n-ZnO doped paint released 10nm and 100nm. Under SEM, no free n-ZnO particles were identified, all were found embedded in the paint wear particles. Göhler et al. (2010) 
Dremel (Model series 400) contact force 0.2-1N; contact pressure 0.0004 - 50,000Pa; speed 1.8-2.4m/s-1 Fast Mobility Particle Sizer (FMPS: model 3091), Laser aerosol particle size spectrometer (LAP; model 321), condensation particle counter (CPC model 3022), APS, TEM & SEM All samples released particles <100nm, and release was uncorrelated with doping of nanoparticles. Paint with n-ZnO doped paint released 10nm and 100nm. Under SEM, no free n-ZnO particles were identified, all were found embedded in the paint wear particles. Göhler et al. (2010) 
Dremel (Model series 400) contact force 0.2-1N; contact pressure 0.0004 - 50,000Pa; speed 1.8-2.4m/s-1 Fast Mobility Particle Sizer (FMPS: model 3091), Laser aerosol particle size spectrometer (LAP; model 321), condensation particle counter (CPC model 3022), APS, TEM & SEM All samples released particles <100nm, and release was uncorrelated with doping of nanoparticles. Paint with n-ZnO doped paint released 10nm and 100nm. Under SEM, no free n-ZnO particles were identified, all were found embedded in the paint wear particles. Göhler et al. (2010) 
Reference Links
Additional study details are available in Summary: Part A.

Iron Oxide

Release Method Measurement Methods Release Characterization Statistics References
Dremel (Model series 400) contact force 0.2-1N; contact pressure 0.0004 - 50,000Pa; speed 1.8-2.4 m/s-1 FMPS, CPC & SEM All samples released particles <100nm, and release was uncorrelated with doping of nanoparticles. Paint with n-Fe2O3 released more nanoparticles around 10nm and 25nm. Under SEM, no free n-Fe2O3 particles were identified, all were found embedded in paint wear particles. Göhler et al. (2010) 
Reference Links
Additional study details are available in Summary: Part A.

Silver

Release Method Measurement Methods Release Characterization Statistics References
500 ml of ultra-pure water in amber bottle; 3x(1 or 24 hrs) on orbital shaker at 50 rpm inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy, filtration, ion selective electrode (ISE) & SEM initial n-Ag content in socks ranged from undetectable - 1,358.8 mg n-Ag/g sock; Ag release ranged from 0.5% - 100%; about 70-90% of silver release was ionic; SEM analysis showed released n-Ag appears like initial n-Ag. Benn and Westerhoff (2008)
City of Tempe tap water: 1 hr on orbital shaker at 50 rpm filtration & SEM medical mask contained the most n-Ag initially (25% of product weight) but released the least 0.1%; shirt released the most ~2%; filtration of release n-Ag, 2/3 or more <100nm, 1/3 <20nm; SEM showed particles <20nm and 200-500nm agglomerates Benn et al. (2010)
artificial sweat (ISO 105-EO4-2008E (@ pH 5.5 & 8.0); BS EN1811-1999; AATCC #15-2002) soaking for 24 hrs @ 37C Graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (GFAAS: Perkin-Elmer Analyst 300) concentration dependent release of n-Ag in lab prepared fabrics, far less and variable release from commercial fabrics Kulthong et al. (2010)
Two different methods used: (1) ISO 105-C06: 1997 for 30min @ 40C & pH 7; (2) mild agitation in buffered pH 10 solution for 120min, then addition of oxidizing agents: per acetic acid (PAA) or H2O2.  ISE (Metrohm 6.0726.100); ICP-OES (Perkin-Elmer); LM 20 Nanosight; X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy Minimal n-Ag released under pH10 conditions (70% Ag+ & 30% >450nm).  During washing ~1% of the total n-Ag content was released as (90% >450nm, 2% <450nm & 3% Ag+) Geranio et al. (2009)
Two different methods used: (1) ISO 105-C06: 1997 for 30min @ 40C & pH 7; (2) mild agitation in buffered pH 10 solution for 120min, then addition of oxidizing agents: per acetic acid (PAA) or H2O2.  ISE (Metrohm 6.0726.100); ICP-OES (Perkin-Elmer); LM 20 Nanosight; X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy About 10% of toal n-Ag released under pH10 conditions (5%>450nm, 50% <450nm & 65% Ag+).  During washing ~18% of the total n-Ag content was released as (38% >450nm, 12% <450nm & 50% Ag+) Geranio et al. (2009)
Two different methods used: (1) ISO 105-C06: 1997 for 30min @ 40C & pH 7; (2) mild agitation in buffered pH 10 solution for 120min, then addition of oxidizing agents: per acetic acid (PAA) or H2O2.  ISE (Metrohm 6.0726.100); ICP-OES (Perkin-Elmer); LM 20 Nanosight; X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy About 5% of total n-Ag released under pH10 conditions (48% >450nm & 52% <450nm).  During washing 33% of the total n-Ag content was released as (82% >450nm, 18% <450nm ) Geranio et al. (2009)
Two different methods used: (1) ISO 105-C06: 1997 for 30min @ 40C & pH 7; (2) mild agitation in buffered pH 10 solution for 120min, then addition of oxidizing agents: per acetic acid (PAA) or H2O2.  ISE (Metrohm 6.0726.100); ICP-OES (Perkin-Elmer); LM 20 Nanosight; X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy About 3% of total n-Ag released under pH10 conditions (40% >450nm & 60% <450nm).  During washing ~20% of the total n-Ag content was released as (75% >450nm & 25% <450nm ) Geranio et al. (2009)
Two different methods used: (1) ISO 105-C06: 1997 for 30min @ 40C & pH 7; (2) mild agitation in buffered pH 10 solution for 120min, then addition of oxidizing agents: per acetic acid (PAA) or H2O2.  ISE (Metrohm 6.0726.100); ICP-OES (Perkin-Elmer); LM 20 Nanosight; X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy About 13% of total  n-Ag released under pH10 conditions (20% >450nm & 80% Ag+).  During washing ~35% of the total n-Ag content was released as (82% >450nm, 15% <450nm & 3% Ag+) Geranio et al. (2009)
Two different methods used: (1) ISO 105-C06: 1997 for 30min @ 40C & pH 7; (2) mild agitation in buffered pH 10 solution for 120min, then addition of oxidizing agents: per acetic acid (PAA) or H2O2.  ISE (Metrohm 6.0726.100); ICP-OES (Perkin-Elmer); LM 20 Nanosight; X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy About 3% n-Ag released under pH10 conditions (100% >450nm).  During washing ~2% of the total n-Ag content was released as (100% >450nm) Geranio et al. (2009)
Two different methods used: (1) ISO 105-C06: 1997 for 30min @ 40C & pH 7; (2) mild agitation in buffered pH 10 solution for 120min, then addition of oxidizing agents: per acetic acid (PAA) or H2O2.  ISE (Metrohm 6.0726.100); ICP-OES (Perkin-Elmer); LM 20 Nanosight; X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy About 2% n-Ag released under pH10 conditions (50% >450nm & 50% <450nm).  During washing ~3% of the total n-Ag content was released as (80% >450nm & 20% <450nm) Geranio et al. (2009)
Two different methods used: (1) ISO 105-C06: 1997 for 30min @ 40C & pH 7; (2) mild agitation in buffered pH 10 solution for 120min, then addition of oxidizing agents: per acetic acid (PAA) or H2O2.  ISE (Metrohm 6.0726.100); ICP-OES (Perkin-Elmer); LM 20 Nanosight; X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy About 8% n-Ag released under pH10 conditions (100% >450nm).   Geranio et al. (2009)
Two different methods used: (1) ISO 105-C06: 1997 for 30min @ 40C & pH 7; (2) mild agitation in buffered pH 10 solution for 120min, then addition of oxidizing agents: per acetic acid (PAA) or H2O2.  ISE (Metrohm 6.0726.100); ICP-OES (Perkin-Elmer); LM 20 Nanosight; X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy About 25% of total n-Ag released under pH10 conditions (95% Ag+ & 5% >450nm).  During washing ~15% of the total n-Ag content was released as (90% >450nm, 8% <450nm & 2% Ag+) Geranio et al. (2009)
Reference Links
Additional study details are available in Summary: Part A.
Information Catalog: Release Measurement Studies